Diplomacy as an Independent Variable

Architecture as an Independent Variable

The idea that we can separate application content from architectural form, or style, is a mainstay of modern software engineering. Architectural styles have themselves been a subject of intensive study. The problem is that we do not yet have an adequate account of the mappings that combine choices of application description independent of style, and of architectural style independent of applica...

Cognition as an Independent Variable: Virtual Ecology

Question Wording as an Independent Variable in Survey Analysis

the development of the experiments described here, to Jane Fountain for statistical and computing advice, and to Otis Dudley Duncan and William M. Mason for advice on several important technical points. We alone are responsible for any errors. This research has been supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH24166) and the National Science Foundation (GS-39780 and Soc 7...

Regional Integration as Diplomacy

Regional integration agreements (RIAs) are examples of second best and have an ambiguous impact on welfare. This paper builds a model where RIAs unambiguously raise welfare by correcting for externalities. It assumes that trade between neighboring countries raises trust between them and reduce the likelihood of conflict. The optimum intervention in that case is a subsidy on imports from the nei...

Cost as an Independent Variable: Concepts and Risks